Interstellar Comparison Table
Fragmented Controls vs. Atomic Authorization
Modern security stacks rely on multiple independent controls—such as passkeys, MFA, hardware wallets, endpoint protection, and multisignature schemes—to protect users and systems. While each mechanism provides strong guarantees within its scope, these controls remain fundamentally fragmented. As a result, even well-secured environments can still execute fully valid but unintended irreversible actions, because none of these mechanisms produce a cryptographic proof that a human consciously approved the specific action being performed.
Interstellar introduces an atomic authorization primitive that binds secure-element–rooted entropy, session-specific cryptographic computation, protected user interaction, and action-level human confirmation into a single verifiable event. The comparison below highlights how existing controls each address part of the trust problem, and how Interstellar composes these signals into a unified proof of deliberate human intent.
| Security Control | Primary Guarantee | What It Does Well | Structural Limitation | Interstellar Atomic Authorization |
| Passkeys / MFA | User identity verification | Confirms the right user is present | Does not prove the user intentionally approved the specific action | Binds identity to explicit, context-aware human approval |
| Hardware Wallets / Secure Signing | Private key isolation | Protects keys from extraction and malware | A valid signature may still reflect an unintended or manipulated decision | Produces proof of conscious human validation before signing |
| Multisig / MPC | Quorum of key holders | Reduces single-point key compromise | Proves multiple approvals, not that each was deliberate or informed | Supports threshold approval of verified human intent events |
| EDR / MTD | Device integrity and threat detection | Detects malware and abnormal behavior | Cannot determine whether a legitimate user decision was manipulated | Independent of device trust; verifies intent at action level |
| Policy Engines / Access Controls | Rule-based authorization | Enforces roles, limits, and workflows | Assumes approved actions are intentional | Adds cryptographic proof of deliberate human validation |
| UX Confirmation Screens | User visibility of action | Improves user awareness | Vulnerable to overlays, automation, and inattentive approval | Protects the interaction channel and binds response to session |
What Is Fundamentally Different
Interstellar does not introduce another isolated security factor. It generates a single, verifiable authorization event that cryptographically binds:
- secure-element–rooted entropy
- session-specific protected computation
- integrity-protected user interaction
- behavioral validation signals
- the exact action context
- optional multi-human approval
- decentralized verification
Result: systems can verify not only that an action was permitted — but that it was deliberately and consciously approved by the authorized human.
This shifts security from fragmented trust signals to atomic human-intent integrity, enabling safer automation, programmable finance, and AI-driven execution.